Block reference
Every block, on one sheet.
What each block in the Gradara library does, its ports and parameters, the equations it solves, what it leaves out, and a small runnable example. The same pages open offline in the app with F1.
Sources
References and waveforms
6Math
Gains, sums, products
14- SumAdds two signals.
- SubtractSubtracts the second input from the first.
- GainMultiply an input by an adjustable gain.
- ProductMultiply two signals.
- DivideDivide two signals: y = a / b. Keep the denominator away from zero.
- AbsAbsolute value.
- SignSign of the input: −1, 0, or 1.
- SqrtSquare root of a non-negative input.
- MinThe smaller of two signals.
- MaxThe larger of two signals.
- SinSine of the input, in radians.
- CosCosine of the input, in radians.
- Unary minusNegate a signal.
- PowerRaise a signal to a real exponent.
Continuous
s-domain dynamics
5Discrete
Sampled operators
3Nonlinear
Limits and relays
4Routing
Mux, bus, switch
6- MuxJoins signals into one vector wire, in order. Set the number of inputs in its properties; an input may itself be a vector.
- DemuxSplits a vector wire into its signals, in order. Set the number of outputs in its properties.
- Bus CreatorBundles named signals into one bus wire. Each input is named in its properties; a bus can carry another bus.
- Bus SelectorPicks signals out of a bus by name. Choose the signals in its properties; each becomes an output.
- SwitchPass u₁ when the control is above threshold, otherwise u₂.
- Manual switchPick an input with a parameter. 1 uses the top input.
Ports & subsystems
Subsystem, inputs, outputs, terminals
4- SubsystemA block with its own diagram inside, starting as in1 wired to out1. Double-click to open it. Drop a wire on it to add a port.
- Empty subsystemA subsystem with nothing inside and no ports yet. Drop wires on it, or add ports in the inspector.
- Subsystem inputAn input of the subsystem you are in. Set its type (signal, Boolean, or a physical domain) in its properties.
- Subsystem outputAn output of the subsystem you are in. Set its type (signal, Boolean, or a physical domain) in its properties.
Control
PI, PID, transforms
8- Complementary PWMComplementary 0/1 gate signals at a fixed frequency and duty cycle. Ideal simultaneous switching, with no dead time.
- Current PIContinuous PI current regulator with back-calculation anti-windup.
- Clarke transformAmplitude-invariant three-phase to stationary-frame current transform.
- Park transformRotate stationary-frame currents into the rotor d/q frame.
- Inverse transformsInverse Park and inverse Clarke transforms produce three phase-voltage commands.
- PI controllerSampled PI control with output saturation and a bounded integral state.
- PIDParallel PID with a filtered derivative term.
- Discrete PIDSampled PID with a filtered derivative, a clamped integral, and output saturation. Every state updates at the sample instant, so exported C reproduces it exactly.
Logic
Boolean gates, comparators, triggers
21- ANDBoolean AND of two inputs.
- ORBoolean OR of two inputs.
- XORBoolean XOR of two inputs.
- NANDBoolean NAND of two inputs.
- NORBoolean NOR of two inputs.
- NOTBoolean negation.
- Greater than thresholdTrue while the input exceeds the threshold.
- Less than thresholdTrue while the input is below the threshold.
- Greater thanTrue while u1 > u2.
- Less thanTrue while u1 < u2.
- HysteresisTrue above uHigh, false below uLow, unchanged in between.
- On-off controllerTrue while the measurement is below the reference minus half the bandwidth; false above plus half.
- Switch (logic)Outputs u1 while u2 is true, otherwise u3.
- RS flip-flopSet/reset latch.
- TimerTime since the input became true (0 while false).
- Boolean to realConverts true/false to two values.
- Boolean constantConstant true output.
- Boolean stepFalse before the step time, true after.
- Boolean pulsePeriodic true pulses.
- Triggered samplerSamples the input at each rising edge of trigger and holds it.
- Rising edgeTrue for one instant when the input becomes true.
Electrical
Passives, sources, sensors
40- DC voltageAn ideal constant DC voltage source.
- Ideal switchIdeal bidirectional power switch. Gate above 0.5 closes the switch; zero on-resistance and zero off-conductance.
- Voltage sensorMeasures voltage between two electrical nodes without loading the circuit.
- Current sensorMeasures branch current with zero series voltage drop; positive from + to −.
- Three-phase inverterAveraged inverter with common-mode injection and DC-bus voltage clipping. No PWM switching ripple.
- PMSMThree-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Sinusoidal flux, fixed d/q inductances, ideal rotor-angle and current measurements.
- Voltage driveAn ideal voltage source driven by a control signal.
- DC motorArmature resistance and inductance coupled to a rotational shaft.
- GroundElectrical reference potential.
- ResistorAn ideal resistor between two electrical pins.
- CapacitorAn ideal capacitor.
- InductorAn ideal inductor.
- DiodeAn ideal diode. Forward conducting, reverse open.
- ConductorLinear conductance: i = G·v.
- Resistor (thermal)Resistor whose losses heat its thermal port and whose resistance changes with its temperature.
- Variable resistorResistance set by the input signal.
- Variable capacitorCapacitance set by the input signal.
- Variable inductorInductance set by the input signal.
- PotentiometerResistor with a wiper at the input position (0…1).
- Saturating inductorInductance falls from Lzer toward Linf as the core saturates.
- Transformer (coupled)Two coupled inductors with mutual inductance M.
- Ideal transformerIdeal transformer with turns ratio n: v1 = n·v2 and i2 = −n·i1, with no magnetizing inductance.
- GyratorIdeal gyrator: i1 = G2·v2, i2 = −G1·v1.
- Voltage-controlled voltage sourceLinear controlled source: v2 = gain·v1.
- Voltage-controlled current sourceLinear controlled source: i2 = G·v1.
- Current-controlled voltage sourceLinear controlled source: v2 = R·i1.
- Current-controlled current sourceLinear controlled source: i2 = gain·i1.
- Op-amp (ideal)Ideal operational amplifier: the inputs are at equal voltage and draw no current.
- Op-amp (limited)Op-amp with finite gain and output limited to the supply rails.
- AC voltageSinusoidal voltage: offset + V·sin(2πf·t + phase).
- AC currentSinusoidal current source.
- DC currentAn ideal constant current source.
- Step voltageVoltage step at a given time.
- Ramp voltageVoltage ramp from offset to offset + V.
- Pulse voltagePeriodic voltage pulses.
- Controlled voltageVoltage equal to the input signal.
- Controlled currentCurrent equal to the input signal.
- BatteryBattery stack: open-circuit voltage rising linearly with state of charge, internal resistance, starting full.
- SupercapacitorDouble-layer capacitor with series resistance.
- Power sensorInstantaneous power: current path pc→nc, voltage across pv–nv.
Semiconductors
Diodes, transistors, switches
13- Ideal diodePiecewise-linear diode: Ron when conducting, Goff when blocking.
- Diode (exponential)Shockley diode with saturation current and thermal voltage.
- Zener diodeDiode with reverse breakdown at Bv.
- ThyristorIdeal thyristor: turns on at a fire pulse when forward biased, off when current reverses.
- GTO thyristorGate turn-off thyristor: conducts while fire is true and forward biased.
- NMOS transistorShichman–Hodges N-channel MOSFET.
- PMOS transistorShichman–Hodges P-channel MOSFET.
- NPN transistorEbers–Moll NPN bipolar transistor.
- PNP transistorEbers–Moll PNP bipolar transistor.
- Switch (Boolean)Ideal switch that closes while its control input is true.
- Opening switchIdeal switch that opens while its control input is true.
- Changeover switchConnects p to n2 while control is true, otherwise to n1.
- Breaker (with arc)Opens while control is true; an arc sustains current until it quenches.
Converters
Choppers, rectifiers, inverters, PWM
9- Buck converterSwitched step-down chopper (transistor and freewheeling diode); fire drives the transistor.
- Boost converterSwitched step-up chopper; fire drives the transistor.
- Buck-boost converterBidirectional half-bridge: port 1 is the switch node (add a series inductor); fire_p drives the low-side switch, stepping up from port 1 to port 2, and fire_n the high-side switch, stepping down from port 2 to port 1.
- H-bridgeFour-quadrant DC chopper: fire_p switches out+ and fire_n switches out− between the input rails; drive fire_n with the complement of fire_p for bipolar switching.
- PWM generatorCompares the duty-cycle input (0…1) with a sawtooth to produce fire and its complement.
- Diode bridgeSingle-phase full-wave diode rectifier.
- Thyristor bridgeSingle-phase full-wave thyristor rectifier with two fire inputs.
- Inverter (1-phase)Single-phase two-level half-bridge inverter.
- Inverter (3-phase)Three-phase two-level inverter with a fire input per switch.
Machines
DC, induction, synchronous
8- DC machine (PM)Permanent-magnet DC machine with armature resistance and inductance.
- DC machine (excited)Separately excited DC machine; wire the field in parallel for shunt operation.
- DC machine (series)Series-excited DC machine (traction motor).
- Induction machineThree-phase squirrel-cage induction machine (star-connected stator terminals).
- PMSM (MSL)Three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine with damper cage.
- Reluctance machineThree-phase synchronous reluctance machine.
- Electrical angle sensorElectrical rotor angle for p pole pairs, as a Hall or encoder sensor reports it (0…2π).
- ResolverSine–cosine resolver: the sine and cosine of the electrical angle p·φ, and their negatives.
3-phase
Sources, loads, transformers
13- 3-phase AC sourceBalanced three-phase sinusoidal voltages from plug − to plug +; a Star point on plug − gives the neutral.
- 3-phase resistorResistor in each phase.
- 3-phase inductorInductor in each phase.
- 3-phase capacitorCapacitor in each phase.
- Star pointJoins the three phases at a neutral pin.
- Delta connectionConnects the phases in delta (a–b, b–c, c–a).
- Phase a tapConnects phase a of a 3-phase plug to a single-phase pin.
- Phase b tapConnects phase b of a 3-phase plug to a single-phase pin.
- Phase c tapConnects phase c of a 3-phase plug to a single-phase pin.
- 3-phase transformer (Dy)Three-phase delta–star transformer with a nominal ratio.
- 3-phase current sensorPhase currents from plug + to plug −.
- 3-phase voltage sensorPhase voltages between plug + and plug −.
- 3-phase power sensorTotal instantaneous power of the three phases.
Rotational
Inertia, springs, gears, sources
24- Mechanical loadShaft inertia, viscous friction and a step in opposing load torque at 0.45 s.
- Inertia & loadA rotating load with inertia and viscous friction.
- Speed sensorMeasures shaft speed without loading the mechanical system.
- Spring-damperRotational spring and damper between two shafts.
- Torque sensorMeasures shaft torque without adding stiffness.
- Angle sensorMeasures shaft angle in radians without loading the mechanical system.
- Fixed (rotational)A flange fixed in the housing at a constant angle.
- Torsion springLinear torsion spring: τ = c·(φ_rel − φ_rel0).
- Torsion damperLinear rotational damper: τ = d·ω_rel.
- BacklashSpring and damper in series with a free play of b.
- Inertia (ideal)Rotating mass with two flanges and no losses.
- Ideal gearLossless gear: φ_a = ratio·φ_b.
- ClutchFriction clutch; the normalized normal force f_n (0…1) engages it.
- Rolling wheelConverts rotation to translation without slip: v = r·ω.
- Rack and pinionIdeal rack and pinion: rotation to translation by a fixed ratio.
- Torque sourceApplies the input signal as torque to the flange.
- Constant torqueA constant torque, independent of speed.
- Torque stepA torque step at a given time.
- Speed sourceForces the flange to follow the input speed, filtered by a critical frequency.
- Constant speedHolds the flange at a constant speed.
- Speed sensor (ideal)Absolute angular velocity of the flange.
- Acceleration sensorAbsolute angular acceleration of the flange.
- Power sensor (rotational)Power flowing from flange a to flange b.
- Relative speed sensorSpeed of flange b relative to flange a.
Translational
Mass, spring, damper, force
17- Fixed (translational)A translational flange fixed at a constant position.
- MassA sliding mass with two flanges: m·a = f_a + f_b.
- SpringLinear spring: f = c·(s_rel − s_rel0).
- DamperLinear damper: f = d·v_rel.
- Spring-damperSpring and damper in parallel.
- Hard stopSpring and damper that act only when the gap closes (contact).
- Mass with stopsMass with Coulomb and viscous friction and hard end stops.
- Force sourceApplies the input signal as force to the flange.
- Constant forceA constant force.
- Force stepA force step at a given time.
- Velocity sourceForces the flange to follow the input velocity.
- Position sourceForces the flange to follow the input position.
- Position sensorAbsolute position of the flange.
- Velocity sensorAbsolute velocity of the flange.
- Acceleration sensor (linear)Absolute acceleration of the flange.
- Force sensorForce transmitted from flange a to flange b.
- Relative position sensorDistance between flanges a and b.
Thermal
Heat capacity, conduction, sources
12- Heat capacitorStores heat: C·dT/dt = Q_flow.
- Thermal conductorLinear heat conduction: Q = G·ΔT.
- Thermal resistorLinear thermal resistance: ΔT = R·Q.
- ConvectionConvective heat transfer with the input conductance Gc.
- RadiationRadiative exchange: Q = Gr·σ·(T_a⁴ − T_b⁴).
- Fixed temperatureHolds its port at a constant temperature.
- Temperature sourceHolds its port at the input temperature (K).
- Fixed heat flowInjects a constant heat flow into its port.
- Heat flow sourceInjects the input heat flow (W) into its port.
- Temperature sensorAbsolute temperature of its port (K).
- Heat flow sensorHeat flow from port a to port b.
- Temperature difference sensorTemperature difference between ports a and b.
Magnetic
Reluctance, windings, MMF
10- ReluctanceConstant magnetic reluctance: V_m = R_m·Φ.
- PermeanceConstant magnetic permeance: Φ = G_m·V_m.
- Variable reluctanceReluctance set by the input signal.
- WindingCouples an electrical winding of N turns to a magnetic circuit.
- Magnetic groundZero magnetic potential reference.
- MMF sourceA constant magnetomotive force (for example a permanent magnet model).
- Controlled MMF sourceMagnetomotive force set by the input signal.
- Flux sourceA constant magnetic flux.
- Flux sensorMagnetic flux through the sensor.
- MMF sensorMagnetic potential difference between its ports.
No blocks match. Try a part name like “resistor” or a kind like pid.